英文版管理学练习题经典之作.doc

Chapter 1 – Introduction to Management and Organizations Essay Questions In a short essay, discuss the difference between efficiency and effectiveness and include a specific example to support each concept. Answer Efficiency refers to getting the most output from the least amount of inputs. Because managers deal with scarce inputs—including resources such as people, money, and equipment—they are concerned with the efficient use of resources. For instance, at the Beiersdorf Inc. factory in Cincinnati, where employees make body braces and supports, canes, walkers, crutches, and other medical assistance products, efficient manufacturing techniques were implemented by doing things such as cutting inventory levels, decreasing the amount of time to manufacture products, and lowering product reject rates. From this perspective, efficiency is often referred to as “doing things right”—that is, not wasting resources. Effectiveness is often described as “doing the right things”—that is, those work activities that will help the organization reach its goals. For instance, at the Biersdorf factory, goals included open communication between managers and employees, and cutting costs. Through various work programs, these goals were pursued and achieved. Whereas efficiency is concerned with the means of getting things done, effectiveness is concerned with the ends, or attainment of organizational goals. (moderate) In a short essay, list and explain the four basic functions of management. Answer Planning – involves the process of defining goals, establishing strategies for achieving those goals, and developing plans to integrate and coordinate activities. Organizing – involves the process of determining what tasks are to be done, who is to do them, how the tasks are to be grouped, who reports to whom, and where decisions are to be made. Leading – when managers motivate subordinates, influence individuals or teams as they work, select the most effective communication channel,