苏族Sioux 介绍.pptVIP

The Sioux comprise three major divisions based on Siouan dialect and subculture: ◆the Santee,(桑蒂) also called Eastern Dakota,东达科他） reside in the extreme east of the Dakotas, Minnesota and northern Iowa. ◆ the Yankton-Yanktonai, also referred to as the Western Dakota ,reside in the Minnesota River area. ◆the Lakota,(拉科塔)also called Teton ,are the westernmost Sioux, known for their hunting and warrior culture. Today, the Sioux maintain many separate tribal governments scattered across several reservations, communities, and reserves in the Dakotas, Nebraska,（内布拉斯加州） Minnesota, and Montana（ 蒙大拿）in the United States; and Manitoba （马尼托巴湖加拿大中部）and southern Saskatchewan in Canada. The historical political organization was based on individual participation and the cooperation of many to sustain the tribe’s way of life. Leaders were chosen based upon noble birth and demonstrations of chiefly virtues, such as bravery, fortitude, generosity, and wisdom. -From Wikitionary Life within the tiyospaye centered around daily subsistence tasks divided by age and gender. Hunting, raiding, and making tools and weapons were the responsibilities of men, with time leftover for trading, counsels, ceremonies, and leisure activities, such as wagering on foot and horse races. Women‘s responsibilities included gathering wild resources, such as prairie turnips, processing and tanning hides, （鞣革兽皮）cooking, sewing, quill work, and managing the daily needs of the household. Women were responsible for breaking camp, packing belongings on travel，and setting up camp again at the end of the day. Older children and youth frequently had responsibility for gathering firewood and water and tending to horses and dogs. Grandparents and elders were often entrusted with the primary responsibility for caring for small children and infants and assisting with household tasks. In Lakota society, men were allowed to have more than one wife, and men of high status frequently had several wives, ideally sisters or wom