2012～2013学年第二学期 《生物信息学》课程复习 一、 名词解释 bio .docVIP

2012～2013学年第二学期 《生物信息学》课程复习 名词解释 Bioinformatics-生物信息学=。The merger of biotechnology and info rmation technology with the goal of revealing new insights and principles in biology. The discipline of obtaining information about genomic or protein sequence data. This may involve similarity searches of databases, comparing your unidentified sequence to the sequences in a database, or making predictions about the sequence based on current knowledge of similar sequences. Databases are frequently made publically available through the Internet, or locally at your institution. genome一个细胞、细胞器或病毒中的所有DNA(或RNA) The genet ic material of an organism, contained in one haploid set of chromosomes. Proteome-蛋白质组一个细胞内的全套蛋白质，反映特殊阶段、环境、状态下细胞或组织在翻译水平的蛋白质表达谱。The entire collection of proteins t hat are encoded by the genome of an organism. Initially the proteome is estimated by gene prediction and annotation methods but eventually will be r evised as more information on the sequence of the expressed genes is obtained. Proteomics （蛋白质组学）Systematic analysis of protein expression of normal and diseased tissues that involves the separation, identification and characterization of all of the proteins in an organism. 通过分离、鉴定及刻画某个生物细胞中所有蛋白质，来系统分析这些蛋白质在正常、病变组织中的表达及差异，以此了解他们的作用及互做网络。 functional genomes-功能基因组学=以解释基因组的功能及控制机制为目标,核心问题: 基因组多样性, 表达及调节, 模式生物 比较基因组学=将不同物种基因组进行比较,有助于根据同源性方法分析基因组功能,有助于发现人类和其他生物的本质差异,探索遗传语言的奥秘 genome physical mapping (基因组物理作图)采用分子生物学技术直接检验DNA分子来作图以标示序列特征(基因等)在基因组上的位置。遗传图的解析度和精确度较低,需物理图补充，单位: bp，物理作图方法(很多,可大致分为3类)限制作图(restriction mapping)限制性酶切图谱；FISH (fluorescent in situ hybridization)；荧光原位杂交STS mapping。数据量大,只能用计算机完成 遗传作图(genetic mapping)= 采用遗传技术(杂交,谱系等)作图以标示序列特征(基因等)在基因组上的位置，单位: cM，标记基因，分子/DNA标记: RFLP, SSLP(小卫星/VNTR,微卫星), SNP，遗传作图方法: 连锁分析 基因芯片(gene chip)= 也叫DNA chip或microarray(微阵列)，是由大量DNA或寡核苷酸探针密集排列所形成的探针阵列，将DNA短片段附着于固体(玻璃,塑料,硅等)表面以形成阵列，其工作的基本原理是通过杂交检测信息=Biochips（生物芯片）Miniaturized arrays of large numbers of molecular substrates, often oligonucleotides, in a defined pat t