The Chaos Computing Paradigm：（混乱的计算模式）.pdfVIP

1 1 The Chaos Computing Paradigm William L. Ditto, Abraham Miliotis, K. Murali, and Sudeshna Sinha 1.1 Brief History of Computers The timeline of the history of computing machines can probably be traced back to early calculation aids, varying in sophistication from pebbles or notches carved in sticks to the abacus, which was used as early as 500 B.C.! Throughout the centuries computing machines be- came more powerful, progressing from Napier’s Bones and the slide rule, to mechanical adding machines and on to the modern day com- puter revolution. The ‘first generation’ of modern computers, were based on wired cir- cuits containing vacuum valves and used punched cards as the main storage medium. The next major step in the history of computing was the invention of the transistor, which replaced the inefficient valves with a much smaller and more reliable component. Transistorized (still bulky) computers, normally referred to as ‘Second Generation’, domi- nated the late 1950s and early 1960s. The explosion in the use of computers began with ‘Third Genera- tion’ computers. These relied on the integrated circuit or microchip. Large-scale integration of circuits led to the development of very small processing units. Fourth generation computers were developed, using a microprocessor to locate much of the computer’s processing abilities on a single (small) chip, allowing the computers to be smaller and faster than ever before. Although processing power and storage capacities have increased beyond all recognition since the 1970s the underlying technology of LSI (large-scale integration) or VLSI (very-large-scale in- tegration) microchips has remained basically the same, so it is widely regarded that most of today’s computers still belong to the fourth gen- eration. Reviews of Nonlinear Dynamics and Complexi