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Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2008, 5(5) 342-348
International Journal of
Environmental Research and Public Health
ISSN 1661-7827
© 2008 by MDPI
Vernonia amygdalina: Anticancer Activity, Authentication, and
Adulteration Detection
Lecia J. Gresham1,2, Jetaime Ross1,2 and Ernest B. Izevbigie 1, 2, 3*
1The Laboratory of Cellular Signaling, Phytoceuticals, and Cancer Prevention and Therapies; 2Department of Biology; 3NIH-
RCMI Center for Environmental Health, College of Science, Engineering and Technology, Jackson State University, Jackson,
MS 39217, USA.
*Correspondence to Dr. Ernest B. Izevbigie. E-mail: ernest.b.izevbigie@
Received: 22 October 2008 / Accepted: 16 December 2008 / Published: 31 December 2008
Abstract: Evidence suggests that most chemotherapeutic agents are less effective as treatment in patients with
estrogen receptor-negative (ER-) breast carcinomas compared to those with estrogen receptor-positive (ER+) breast
carcinomas. Moreover, African American Women (AAW) is disproportionately diagnosed with ER- breast cancer
compared to their white counterparts. Novel therapies effective against ER- breast carcinomas are urgently needed to
ameliorate the health disparity. Previous reports show that low concentrations (microgram/ml) of water-soluble leaf
extracts of a Nigerian edible plant,
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