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R-programming / / Hung Chen Outline Introduction: Historical development S, Splus Capability Statistical Analysis References Calculator Data Type Resources Simulation and Statistical Tables Probability distributions Programming Grouping, loops and conditional execution Function Reading and writing data from files Modeling Regression ANOVA Data Analysis on Association Lottery Geyser Smoothing R, S and S-plus S: an interactive environment for data analysis developed at Bell Laboratories since 1976 1988 - S2: RA Becker, JM Chambers, A Wilks 1992 - S3: JM Chambers, TJ Hastie 1998 - S4: JM Chambers Exclusively licensed by ATT/Lucent to Insightful Corporation, Seattle WA. Product name: “S-plus”. Implementation languages C, Fortran. See: /cm/ms/departments/sia/S/history.html R: initially written by Ross Ihaka and Robert Gentleman at Dep. of Statistics of U of Auckland, New Zealand during 1990s. Since 1997: international “R-core” team of ca. 15 people with access to common CVS archive. Introduction R is “GNU S” — A language and environment for data manipula-tion, calculation and graphical display. R is similar to the award-winning S system, which was developed at Bell Laboratories by John Chambers et al. a suite of operators for calculations on arrays, in particular matrices, a large, coherent, integrated collection of intermediate tools for interactive data analysis, graphical facilities for data analysis and display either directly at the computer or on hardcopy a well developed programming language which includes conditionals, loops, user defined recursive functions and input and output facilities. The core of R is an interpreted computer language. It allows branching and looping as well as modular programming using functions. Most of the user-visible functions in R are written in R, calling upon a smaller set of internal primitives. It is possible for the user to interface to procedures written in C, C++ or FORTRAN languages for efficiency, and also to write a