Chap19收入与歧视.pptVIP

收入和歧视Earnings and Discrimination 第19章 Chapter 19 当今美国的收入差距Differences in Earnings in the U.S. Today 普通医生一年赚20万美元左右。 The typical physician earns about $200,000 a year. 普通警官一年赚到5万美元左右。 The typical police officer earns about $50,000 a year. 普通农业工人一年赚2万美元左右。 The typical farm worker earns about $20,000 a year. 什么引起如此大的收入差别What causes earnings to vary so much? 工资由劳动供给与劳动需求决定。Wages are governed by labor supply and labor demand. 劳动需求反映了劳动的边际生产率。 Labor demand reflects the marginal productivity of labor. 什么引起如此大的收入差别What causes earnings to vary so much? 在均衡状态下，每个工人都得到了他对经济中物品与劳务生产的边际贡献的价值。 In equilibrium, each worker is paid the value of his or her marginal contribution to the economy’s production of goods and services. 决定均衡工资的若干因素Some Determinants of Equilibrium Wages 补偿性工资差别 Compensating differentials 人力资本 Human capital 能力、努力和机遇 Ability, effort, and chance 信号 Signaling 超级明星现象 The superstar phenomenon 补偿性工资差别Compensating Differentials 补偿性工资差别是指来自不同工作的非货币特性所引起的工资差别。 Compensating differentials refer to differences in wages that arises from nonmonetary characteristics of different jobs. 煤矿工人得到的工资高于其他有相似教育水平的工人。Coal miners are paid more than others with similar levels of education. 工厂中夜班工人的工资也高于同类白班工人。 Night shift workers are paid more than day shift workers. 教授的工资低于受教育时间大致相同的律师和医生。Professors are paid less than lawyers and doctors. 人力资本Human Capital 人力资本是对人的投资的积累。Human capital is the accumulation of investments in people. 最重要的人力资本类型是教育。 The most important type of human capital is education. 人力资本Human Capital 教育代表为了提高未来生产率而在某一时点 的资源支出。 Education represents an expenditure of resources at one point in time to raise productivity in the future. 美国大学毕业生的收入比高中毕业的工人 高出65％。 College graduates in the U.S. earn about 65 percent more than workers with a high school diploma. 不同受教育的平均年收入Average Annual earnings by Educational Attainment 为什么近年来熟练工人与非熟练工人之间的收入差距扩大了？Why has the gap in earnings between skilled