尼采：善恶之彼岸.pptVIP

在《自由精神》这一部分之中，尼采主要是批判了前人关于人的自由精神的描述，并对一般人内心中关于自由精神的概念进行摧毁 Point: Independence is a privilege of the strong “Independence is for the very few; it is a privilege of the strong. And whoever attempts it even with the best right but without inner constraint proves that he is probably not only strong, but also daring to the point of recklessness.” (part two 29) in short, wherever one believed in an order of rank and not in equality and equal rights-does not so much consist in this, that the exoteric approach comes from outside and sees, estimates, measures, and judges from the outside, not the inside: what is much more essential is that the exoteric approach sees things from below, the esoteric looks down from above. (30) 尼采提倡一种崭新的等级制度，与过去的政治上等级制度不同。这种等级制度是以人的精神力量的高低将人进行划分 超人（übermensch)和末人（Letztemensch） 衡量标准：权力意志 来源：叔本华的生存意志（der Wille zum Leben) Philosophy is this tyrannical drive itself,the most spiritual will to power, to the “creation of the world,“ to the causa prima.（9） will to knowledge on the foundation of a far more powerful will: the -will to ignorance, to the uncertain, to the untrue! Not as its opposite, but-as its refinements（24） 超人：超越自身、超越弱者的人，充分表现自己、是真理与道德的准绳，是规范与价值的创造者；自由的、自私的、自足的，信奉主人道德（Master morality） 末人：指一种无希望﹑无创造﹑平庸畏葸﹑浅陋渺小的人。现在末人是指和超人相反的,病态的人群.信奉奴隶道德（Slave morality）,限制了超人的人。 在现实中，集中表现为基督教的博爱原则以及民主制度以及社会主义运动 the democratic movement is the heir of the Christian movement…brotherhood enthusiasts who call themselves socialists and want a free society; but in fact they are at one with the lot in their thorough and instinctive hostility to every other form of society except that of the autonomous herd (even to the point of repudiating the very concepts of master and servant-ni dieu ni matre runs a socialist formula) (202) 问题：基督教义=民主制？ “对上帝的亵渎虽是最大的亵渎，但上帝死了，故渎神者也死了。现在，亵渎尘世、尊崇高于尘世意义的不可知事物乃是最可怕之事”——《查拉图斯特拉如是说》 原因：（1）基督教神学控制着人们的心灵，使人无法真正拥有自由，阻碍了超人出现。 （2）现实中，基督教无法阻止人的堕落。 “上帝死了”：指西方传统的价值系统的崩溃 these falsely so-called “free spirits”-being eloquent and proli