Chap4FromWordtoText(Pat1).pptx

(Part 1) Chapter 4: From Word to Text I. Review of last time’s major points 1. Concept and classification of words; 2. Morpheme, allomorph and formation of words; 3. Change of word meaning II. Task reporting Random calling: Explain items from the third-level titles in the contents (目录) for the Chapter—a mark of 95 shall be awarded to those who can provide correct explanations for 3 of the items. III. Major content to study 1. Syntactic relations (句法关系); 2. Grammatical construction and its constituents IV. Explanation of key terms 1.Substitutability and co-occurrence (可替代性关系与共现关系) (p.74): Substitutability refers to the relation between a word/phrase in a phrase/sentence and another word/phrase that can replace it without affecting the grammatical structure, e.g. the noun “building” can be used to replace the noun “forest” in the phrase “get out of the forest” without affecting the grammatical structure of the phrase. e.g. X told Y to get Z something to eat. Mother asked John to buy Tom a coat to wear. Corresponding words: X/Mother told/asked Y/John to/to get/buy Z/Tom something a coat to/to eat/wear co-occurrence refers to the relation between the words/phrases in a phrase/sentence, e.g. the relation between the words in the phrase “leave Guangzhou for Zhuhai”. Analysis of the example: leave (v.) + Guangzhou (object) + for Zhuhai (adverbial of destination) 2. Immediate constituents (直接成分) (p.76) Linguistic units that join and make up a higher unit (as related to the higher unit), e.g. the two parts “Mary” and “arrived on time” are immediate constituents of the sentence “Mary arrived on time”. 3. Endocentric and exocentric constructions (向心结构与离心结构) (p.78) An Endocentric construction refers to a linguistic structure whose head word(s) has/have the same grammatical function as the whole unit. e.g. a nice boy, very well an exocentric construction refers to a structure that does not have the above feature, i.e. without a head word. e.g. have supper, off the trac