文化主义的先声(二)利维斯要点.ppt

文化主义的先声（二） －利维斯主义 Part 1 F. R. Leavis F. R. Leavis (1895- 1978): one of the most influential literary critics of the 20th century, that influence being at its height in the period between the Second War and the 1960s. 主要著作 Mass Civilization and Minority Culture（1930） 大众文明与少数人文化 Culture and Environment: The Training of Critical Awareness, by Leavis and Denys 文化与环境 The Great Tradition: George Eliot, Henry James, Joseph Conrad （1948） 伟大的传统 Revaluation: Tradition Development in English Poetry （1936） 再评价：英国诗歌的传统与发展 Scrutiny《细察》（1932—1953） 创办《细察》是利维斯对英国文学批评的重大贡献。 《细察》所想达到的目的：以严格独立的批评体现一种标准，从而培养读者的识别力。 许多曾在剑桥求学的作家、学者是在阅读《细察》的过程中走向思想感情的成熟的。 Part 2 Mass Civilization and Minority Culture 利维斯对通俗文化的观点形成于20世纪30年代，主要体现于三本书中。 《大众文明与少数人文化》 《小说与阅读公众》—Q.D. Leavis 《文化与环境》（with Denys Tompson） 利维斯的文化思想继承了马修·阿诺德将文化与文明断然分开的立场 。 他认为，工业革命将一个完整的文化一分为二，即一方面是少数人文化，一方面是大众文明。 1.少数人文化 Minority Culture “In any period it is upon a very small minority that the discerning appreciation of art and literature depends: it is only a few who are capable of unprompted, first-hand judgment.” 少数人：在任何一个时代，明察秋毫的艺术和文学鉴赏常常只能依靠很少的一部分人．．．只有很少数人能够给出不是人云亦云的第一手的判断。 只有这少数的精英人物能够欣赏但丁、莎士比亚，邓恩和哈代，正是有赖于这少数人，过去最优秀的人类经验才得以传承。——少数人文化（精英文化） 2.大众文明Mass Civilization 大众文明(Mass civilization): the trend that the advancement of science brings about the significant improvement of living standards. 在利维斯看来，大众文明就是商业化的产物，是低劣和庸俗的代名词：电影、广播、流行出版物、广告等等，被欠缺教育的大众不假思索的大量消费。 在大众文明的冲击下，少数人文化面临的危机是前所未有的。 “In our modern world, of which the whole civilization is, to a much greater degree than the civilization of Greece and Rome, mechanical and external, and tends constantly to become more so.” The “minority” (cultural elite) realized they could no longer simply command cultural deference, and thus control—hence the “cultural crisis” It was a “crisis” because those in the “minority keeping” of culture were now in a “hostile environment” What is condemned by Leavisism? popular fiction as a form of “compensati