英语四级语法基础知识精要.docVIP

英语四级语法基础知识 　　动词(时态,语态,用法,省略,一致性等) 　　时态 　　1)现在完成进行时态(have/has been + -ing 分词构成): 动作或状态从过去某时开始,继续到现在,可能继续下去,也可能刚刚结束. 　　I’ve been writing letters for an hour. 　　I’ve been sitting in the garden. 　　2)过去完成进行时(由had been + ing分词构成): 过去某个时刻以前一直在进行的动作 　　I’d been working for some time when he called. 　　We had been waiting for her for two hours by the time she came. 　　3)将来完成进行时: 将来某个时刻以前一直在进行的动作. 　　By next summer, he will have been working here for twenty years. 　　In another month’s time she’ll have been studying here for three years. 　　4)将来完成时(由shall/will have + 过去分词构成): 将来某时已发生的事. 　　I shall have finished this one before lunch. 　　They’ll have hit the year’s target by the end of October. 　　语态 　　可以有两种被动结构的类型,例如: 　　He was said to be jealous of her success. 　　It was said that he was jealous of her success. 　　能同时适用于上述两个句型的主动词通常都是表示“估计”,“相信”等意义的动词,常见的有assume,believe,expect,fear,feel,know,presume,report,say,suppose,understand等. 　　It is supposed that the ship has been sunk. 　　The ship is supposed to have been sunk. 　　担当be supposed to 与不定式的一般形式搭配时往往表示不同的意义.例如: 　　Why are you driving so fast in this area? You are supposed to know the speed to know the speed limit. (你应该晓得速度限制) 　　双宾语及宾补结构的被动语态 　　双宾语结构的被动语态: 双宾语结构变为被动语态时,可以把主动结构中的一个宾语变为主语,另一个宾语仍然保留在谓语后面,但多数是把间接宾语变为主语. 　　He was asked a number of questions at the press conference. 　　Two days were allowed them for making the necessary preparations. 　　宾补结构的被动语态: 　　She was called Big Sister by everybody. 　　Then he was made a squad leader. 　　He was considered quite qualified for the job. 　　The room was always kept clean and tidy. 　　短语动词 　　Vi + adv 　　The plane took off two hours late. 　　Vi + prep 　　They looked round the Cathedral. Vi + prep (有被动语态) 　　在以as, than, when, if, unless等引导的从句中的省略: 在有些状语从句中,如果谓语包含有动词be,主语又和主句的主语一致a),或者主语是it b),就常常可以把从句中的主语和谓语的一部分(特别是动词be)省略掉. 　　Look out for cars when crossing the street. 　　When taken according to the directions, the drug ha