传播学专业英语教程第2单元翻译参考.docVIP

Books in history John Vivian The introduction of mass-produced books in the 15th century marked a turning point in human history. 15世纪大批量生产图书的采用标志着人类历史中的重要转折点。Before then, books were?? handwritten, usually by scribist monks who copied existing books onto blank sheets of paper letter by letter, one page at a time.在那之前，书是手抄的，一般都是由那些超抄录员修道士把存在的书籍一个字一个字抄在空白纸页上，每次一页。 These scribists could turn out only a few hand-lettered books in a lifetime of tedium. 这些抄录员在他们单调冗长的一生中只能制造出很有限几本手写的书。 In the middle-1400s, Johannes Gutenberg, a tinker in what is now Germany, devised an innovation that made it possible to print pages using metal letters.在15世纪中叶，约翰尼斯古藤保，一个住在现在是德国的补锅匠， 设计出一种使得用金属字母打印纸张成为可能的发明。Gutenbergs revolutionary contribution was in applying metallurgy to the printing process, which went back to ancient China.古藤保的革命性的贡献在于将冶金术应用于印刷工序流程，最早可以追溯到古代中国。 The idea for movable metal type occurred to Gutenberg in the mid-1430s.在15世纪30年代中期，古藤保有了金属活字的想法。 Instead of wood, which often cracked in the pressing process, he experimented with casting individual letters in a lead-based alloy.他试验将单个字母冶铸进含铅合金中，代替使用在印刷过程中经常出现裂缝的木头。 He built a frame the size of?? books page and then arranged the metal letters into words.他制作了一个书页大小的框架，然后将金属字母排列成单词。Once a page was filledwith letters and words and sentenceshe put the frame into a modified wine press, applied ink, laid paper and pressed. 一旦一页用字母，单词，和句子填充好，他就将这个框架放到一个改良了的的榨酒机，应用油墨，铺上纸进行印刷。The process made it possible to produce dozens, even hundreds and thousands, of copies. 这种制作法使得生产成打的，甚至于成百上千的复制本成为可能。 Gutenbergs impact cannot be overstated. The duplicativeduplicate 复制品 完全一样的 power of movable type put the written word into wide circulation and fueled quantum increases in literacy.哥登堡的影响不能被夸大。活字印刷的复制性力量使手抄的单词可以广泛流传，推动了有文化人群数量的增长。 One hundred years after Gutenberg, the state of communication in Europe had undergone a revolution. （过去完成时）在哥登堡之后100年，欧洲的信息交流状况经历了一次革命。Elaborate postal systems were in place. 详细复杂，精心制作的邮政系统很合适。Standardized maps produced by