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托福阅读――建筑制造类(四)
智 课 网 托 福 备 考 资 料
托福阅读――建筑制造类(四)
In Europe, before the introduction of the mechanical clock,
people told time by sun (using, for example, shadow sticks or sun
dials) and water clocks. Sun clocks worked, of course, only on
clear days; water clocks misbehaved when the temperature fell
toward freezing, to say nothing of long-run drift as the result of
sedimentation and clogging. Both these devices worked well in
sunny climates; but in northern Europe the sun may be hidden by
clouds for weeks at a time, while temperatures vary not only
seasonally but from day to night.
Medieval Europe gave new importance to reliable time. The
Catholic Church had its seven daily prayers, one of which was at
night, requiring an alarm arrangement to waken monks before
dawn. And then the new cities and towns, squeezed by their
walls, had to know and order time in order to organize collective
activity and ration space. They set a time to go to sleep. All this
was compatible with older devices so long as there was only one
authoritative timekeeper; but with urban growth and the
multiplication of time signals, discrepancy brought discord and
strife. Society needed a more dependable instrument of time
measurement and found it in the mechanical clock.
We do not know who invented this machine, or where. It
seems to have appeared in Italy and England (perhaps
simultaneous invention) between 1275 and 1300. Once known, it
spread rapidly, driving out water clocks but not solar dials, which
were needed to check the new machines against the timekeeper
of last resort. These early versions were rudimentary, inaccurate,
and prone to breakdown.
Ironically, the new machine tended to undermine Catholic
Church authority. Although church ritual had sustained an
interest in timekeeping throughout the centuries of urban
collapse that followed the fall of Rome, church time was nature’
s time. Day and night were divided into the same number of
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