Ancient grandeur of the vertebrate neuropeptide Y system shown by the coelacanth Latimeria chalumnae.pdfVIP

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Ancient grandeur of the vertebrate neuropeptide Y system shown by the coelacanth Latimeria chalumnae.pdf

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Ancient grandeur of the vertebrate neuropeptide Y system shown by the coelacanth Latimeria chalumnae

ORIGINAL RESEARCH ARTICLE published: 08 March 2013 doi: 10.3389/fnins.2013.00027 Ancient grandeur of the vertebrate neuropeptideY system shown by the coelacanth Latimeria chalumnae Dan Larhammar* and Christina A. Bergqvist Unit of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Science for Life Laboratory – Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden Edited by: Jae Young Seong, Korea University, South Korea Reviewed by: Hervé Tostivint, Natural History Museum, France Stacia A. Sower, University of New Hampshire, USA *Correspondence: Dan Larhammar , Unit of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Science for Life Laboratory – Uppsala University, Box 593, SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden. e-mail: dan.larhammar@neuro.uu.se The neuropeptide Y (NPY) family receptors and peptides have previously been character- ized in several tetrapods, teleost fishes, and in a holocephalan cartilaginous fish. This has shown that the ancestral NPY system in the jawed vertebrates consisted of the peptides NPY and peptide YY (PYY) and seven G-protein-coupled receptors named Y1–Y8 (Y3 does not exist). The different vertebrate lineages have subsequently lost or gained a few recep- tor genes. For instance, the human genome has lost three of the seven receptors while the zebrafish has lost two and gained two receptor genes. Here we describe the NPY system of a representative of an early diverging lineage among the sarcopterygians, the West Indian Ocean coelacanth Latimeria chalumnae. The coelacanth was found to have retained all seven receptors from the ancestral jawed vertebrate.The receptors display the typical characteristics found in other vertebrates. Interestingly, the coelacanth was found to have the local duplicate of the PYY gene, called pancreatic polypeptide, previously only identified in tetrapods. Thus, this duplication took place very early in the sarcopterygian lineage, before the origin of tetrapods. These findings confirm the ancient complexity of the NPY system and show that mammals have lost m