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Seismic imaging of mantle transition zone discontinuities beneath the northern Red Sea.pdf

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Seismic imaging of mantle transition zone discontinuities beneath the northern Red Sea

Geophysical Journal International Geophys. J. Int. (2014) 199, 648–657 doi: 10.1093/gji/ggu284 GJI Seismology Seismic imaging of mantle transition zone discontinuities beneath the northern Red Sea and adjacent areas A. A. Mohamed,1,2 S. S. Gao,1 A. A. Elsheikh,1 K. H. Liu,1 Y. Yu1 and R. E. Fat-Helbary2 1Geology and Geophysics Program, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, MO 65409, USA. E-mail: sgao@mst.edu 2National Research Institute of Astronomy and Geophysics, Aswan Earthquake Research Center, Aswan, Egypt Accepted 2014 July 21. Received 2014 July 17; in original form 2014 January 30 S U M M A R Y The dramatic asymmetry in terms of surface elevation, Cenozoic volcanisms and earthquake activity across the Red Sea is an enigmatic issue in global tectonics, partially due to the unavailability of broad-band seismic data on the African Plate adjacent to the Red Sea. Here, we report the first comprehensive image of the mantle transition zone (MTZ) discontinuities using data from the Egyptian National Seismic Network, and compare the resulting depths of the 410 and 660-km discontinuities with those observed on the Arabian side. Our results show that when a standard earth model is used for time-to-depth conversion, the resulting depth of the discontinuities increases systematically towards the axis of the Afro-Arabian Dome (AAD) from both the west and east. Relative to the westernmost area, the maximum depression of the 410-km discontinuity is about 30 km, and that of the 660-km discontinuity is about 45 km. The observed systematic variations can best be explained by a model involving a hydrated MTZ and an upper-mantle low-velocity zone beneath the AAD. Models invoking one or more mantle plumes originated from the MTZ or the lower-mantle beneath the study area are not consistent with the observations. Key words: Computational seismology; Continental tectonics: extensional; Hotspots. 1 I N T RO D U C T I O N The Red Sea is the archetype of nascent oceani