国际商业文化lecture2.pptVIP

Chapter 2 Basic Cultural Types  It refers to both the conditions that contribute to the way in which a people perceive and think about the world, and the manner in which they live in that world. Cautionary remarks for one to better use the cultural types The value of the culture may not be the value of all individuals within the culture. It would be useful if you try to visualize each culture’s response to a specific pattern as a point on a continuum rather than one of only two possible responses. The pattern are interrelated with a host of other values and do not operate in isolation. Hofstedes Dimensions Geert H. Hofstede was born on October 2, 1928 in Haarlem, the Netherlands. Hofstede is most well known for his work on four dimensions of cultural variability: Uncertainty Avoidance, Power Distance, Masculinity-Femininity, Individualism-Collectivism Individualism vs Collectivism On individualist cultures Hofstede’s respondents said that individuals should look after their own interests and the interests of their immediate family (husband, wife, and children). Traits of Highly Individualist Cultures Emphasis on individual initiative, decisions, and achievement. Traits of Collectivist Cultures Emphasis on belonging to groups and organizations that make decisions and protect people in exchange for their loyalty The belief that in society, everyone is supposed to take care of himself or herself and his or her immediate family Expertise, order, duty, security provided by the organization or clan Emotional independence of the individual from organizations or institutions Emotional dependence of the individual on organizations and institutions The idea that the same value standards should apply to all: universalism Value standards that differ for in-groups and out-groups; particularism 日本：突出来的钉子，将会被打下去 In Japan, “the nail that sticks up is pounded down” 前苏维埃：最早长出来的草，最先被砍去。 In the former Soviet Union, “the highest blades of grass is alw