Condensed phase diagrams for the metal–W–S systems and their relevance for contacts to WS2.pdfVIP

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Condensed phase diagrams for the metal–W–S systems and their relevance for contacts to WS2.pdf

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Condensed phase diagrams for the metal–W–S systems and their relevance for contacts to WS2.pdf

Materials Science and Engineering B 212 (2016) 78–88 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Materials Science and Engineering B journal homepage: /locate/mseb Condensed phase diagrams for the metal–W–S systems and their relevance for contacts to WS2 Yitian Zeng, Anna C. Domask, Suzanne E. Mohney ? Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, United States article info Article history: Received 23 April 2016 Received in revised form 20 June 2016 Accepted 8 July 2016 Available online 8 August 2016 Keywords: WS2 Phase equilibria Phase diagram Contact Transition metal dichalcogenide abstract Motivated by interest in contacts to the layered semiconductor WS2, this study investigates condensed phase equilibria in M–W–S systems (M = transition or post-transition metal) and relates the ?ndings to earlier work on M–Mo–W systems. Thermodynamic data were collected or estimated for the binary phases bearing M, W, and/or S; and a literature search for existing ternary phases was performed. Condensed phase M–W–S isothermal phase diagrams were calculated where suf?cient data was available. These phase diagrams re?ected three general forms. The early transition metals and group 13 post-transition metals were mostly reactive with WS2, with the resulting diagrams being either metal sul?de dominant or ternary/solid solution dominant. The late transition metals were all WS2 dominant, where the metal is in equilibrium with WS2. These ?ndings are similar to those from our earlier study on the M–Mo–S phase diagrams and can be used to guide studies on contacts to WS2. ó 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. 1. Introduction Tungsten disul?de is a layered transition metal dichalcogenide (TMD) semiconductor that has long been studied for electronics [1,2], lubrication [3,4] and catalysis [5,6]. Novel electronic properties that arise as these materials thin to a single or a few layers thick make them particularly attractive