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概率与统计课件第四章.pdf

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Limit Theorem 极限定理 Probability and Mathematical Statistics (概率与数理统计) Xi ZHANG In many cases, we don’t need to calculate exactly the probability but roughly know it ? Especially when the probability is very large or very small ? e.g P{haze tomorrow in Lhasa} = ? ? For example, suppose tossing a coin 1000 times, we would like to know if the probability of consecutive 17 appearance of heads ? Let ??be the number of occurrences of 17 consecutive heads in 1000 coin flips. N = I + … + I 1 984 E [I ] = P(I = 1) = 1/217 i i E [N ] = 984 ?1/217=0.007507 Outlines ? Chebyshev’s Inequality and the Weak Law of Large Numbers (切比雪夫不 等式及弱大数定律) ? The Central Limit Theorem( 中心极限定理) ? The Strong Law of Large Numbers (强大数定律) ? Summary Markov’s Inequality (马尔可夫不等式) Proposition: Markov’s Inequality If ???is a random variable that takes only nonnegative values, then, for any value ??0 E X ? ? P?X ? a?? a Hence, P [N ≥ 1] ≤ E [N ] / 1 ≤ 0.75%. E [X ] = E [X | X ≥ a ] P(X ≥ a) + E [X | X a ] P(X a) ≥ a ≥ 0 ≥ 0 E [X ] ≥ a P(X ≥ a) + 0. Chebyshev’s Equality (切比雪夫不等式) Proposition: Chebyshev’s Inequality 2 ???is a random variable with finite mean ???and variance ??? , the n, for any value ?? 0,

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