让呼吸更顺畅摘要.ppt

* 随着认识的深入，对于COPD的理解不再局限于气道和肺。关于COPD营养不良的研究越来越受到重视。并且，近年来国外文献里提出了一个新的概念，叫做COPD的全身效应（systemic effects），全身效应比营养不良更进了一步。这个概念包括营养不良，表现为体重下降、人体组成改变。全身效应还包括为全身炎症反应、和骨骼肌功能障碍等等，以及心血管、神经和骨骼系统改变等等。目前国际上关于COPD全身效应的研究非常多，从基础、到临床都做了广泛而深入的研究。 * * * * * 2007年的COPD诊治指南指出，吸烟是COPD的重要发病因素，而戒烟是被证实延缓患者肺功能下降的重要措施。 * * Avoid fumes, smoke, and strong odors ? Stay inside and/or decrease strenuous activity when air pollution levels are high ? Correct dampness problems in your home that promote mold growth ? Cover your mouth and nose when going out in very cold or windy weather ? If you have allergies in addition to COPD, try to stay away from pollens or other things that give you allergies * * Move slowly to conserve energy and avoid breathlessness. ? Use a cart with wheels to move dishes, tidy up, work in the garage, put away clean laundry, and so on. This will reduce trips back and forth and save you the burden and trouble of carrying things. ? Sit to dress, undress, shave, put on makeup, and cook. Sit for as many tasks as possible. ? Arrange your house so that most things you use are at waist level or within easy reach. Avoid bending and lifting as much as possible. ? Take rests after meals when your body is working hard to digest food. ? Invest in a shower stool and hose sprayer for bathing. Dry off by wrapping up in a terrycloth robe. ? Use assistive (“helping”) devices, such as a long-handled reacher, for pulling on socks and shoes and for reaching things in high places. Long-handled tongs can help you pick up objects without bending. * * COPD makes the lungs and heart work harder to carry oxygen to all parts of the body. Because of this, you should control your weight to reduce heart and lung strain. Work with your doctor to develop a program of exercise that is right for you. Special exercises to strengthen your chest muscles can improve your breathing. Aerobic exercise, such as walking and riding a bike, is very important for increasing your stamina, or “staying power,” and improvin