语言学导论第7章Languagechange.pptVIP

Language change Language change Synchronic or Diachronic? -- Historical linguistics ? The history of English The history of English Old English (450-1100 AD) Middle English (1100-1500) Modern English Early Modern English (1500-1800) Late Modern English (1800-Present) Old English (450-1100 AD) Languages of those Germanic tribes ? Old English Middle English (1100-1500) in 1066 William the Conqueror, the Duke of Normandy linguistic class division lower classes ? English upper classes ? French in 14th century English dominant (French words) ? Middle English the language of the great poet Chaucer (c1340-1400) Early Modern English (1500-1800) ? the end of Middle English the Great Vowel Shift the 16th century -- 1.contact with many peoples from around the world. 2.the Renaissance of Classical learning The invention of printing ? the standardization of English (the dialect of London ) In 1604 the first English dictionary was published Late Modern English (1800-Present) main difference: vocabulary Late Modern English: many more words two factors: the Industrial Revolution and technology the British Empire at its height covered one quarter of the earths surface Language change Aspects of Changes: Phonological Morphological syntactic Lexical semantic Phonological changes Old English [ā] stān hām wrāt rād Phonological changes Middle English [i:] [u:] [?:] Morphological and syntactic change Morphological: Addition of affixes Loss of affixes Syntactic: Change of word order Change in negation rule Morphological change Addition of affixes -ment: from French -dom: from the word dōm (Fusion) Loss of affixes affixes marking gender – masculine, neuter, feminie Syntactic change Change of word order subject – object – verb ? SVO Hēo hine l?rde She him advised Change in negation rule I love thee not. He saw you not. Lexical and semantic change Addition of new wor