Chapter1EnvironmentalProblemsandLivingSustainability.pptVIP

Key contents New words and Phrases cultural eutrophication(植物性富营养化) eutrophication (富营养化) point sources(点源污染) non-point sources(非点源污染/面源污染) primary pollutant (初级污染物 ) secondary pollutant (二级污染物 ) photochemical smog (光化学烟雾) solid waste(固体废弃物) New words and Phrases municipal solid waste (城市固体废弃物) hazardous waste (有害的废弃物) acid deposition (酸沉降) desertification(荒漠化) ozone layer(臭氧层) depletion of the ozone layer(臭氧层耗竭) biodiversity loss(生物多样性丧失) ozone depletion (臭氧损耗) 1 Environmental problems 1.1 Water pollution 1.2 Air pollution 1.3 Solid and hazardous waste pollution 1.4 Acid rain 1.5 Desertification 1.6 Biodiversity loss 1.7 Depletion of the ozone layer 1.1 Water pollution 1.1.1 Surface-water pollution 1.1.1 Surface-water pollution Main concept Cultural eutrophication(植物性富营养化) Over-nourishment of aquatic ecosystems with plant nutrients (mostly nitrates and phosphates) because of human activities such as agriculture, urbanization, and discharges from industrial plants and sewage treatment plants. Main concept Eutrophication（富营养化） Physical, chemical, and biological changes that take place after a lake, estuary(河口), or slow-flowing stream receives inputs of plant nutrients--mostly nitrates(硝酸盐) and phosphates(磷酸盐)--from natural erosion and runoff from the surrounding land basin. 1.1.2 Ground-water pollution 1.1.3 Point source and non-point source Pollutants from point sources are easy to identify, monitor, and regulate. It is more difficult to control pollutants from non-point sources. Main concept Point sources(点源污染) Single identifiable source that discharges pollutants into the environment. Examples are the (1) smokestack of a power plant or an industrial plant, (2) drainpipe of a meatpacking plant, (3) chimney of a house, or (4) exhaust pipe of an automobile. Compare nonpoint source. Non-point sources(非点源污染/面源污染) Large or dispersed land areas such as cropfields, streets, and lawns that discharge pollutants into the env