高中语法讲解(二)动词及动词的时态和语态.docVIP

动词 (一)动词概说 1)动词(verb)是表示动作或状态的词。 a)表示动作：swim游泳push推 b)表示状态：have有be是 2)英语动词有时态、语态、语气等形式上的变化。 限定动词和非限定动词 （谓语动词和非谓语动词） 从是否被主语所限定来分，动词有限定动词(finite verb)和非限定动词(nonfinite verb)两大类。 1)限定动词 限定动词用作句子的谓语动词，并被主语所限定，有人称和数的变化。如： He is a tractor driver. Facts are more eloquent than words.事实胜于雄辩。 An apple falls by the force of gravitation.地心吸力使苹果落地。 2)非限定动词 非限定动词有动词不定式、动名词和分词三种，在句子里都不能单独作谓语动词，故不被主语所限定，没有人称和数的变化。如： I am pleased to meet you. (动词不定式) Smoking is harmful to the health. (动名词) I heard them singing the International。我听见他们唱《国际歌》。(分词) Spoken words are often more powerful than writing. (分词) 从其含义来分，动词有实义动词(notional verb)，连系动词(1ink verb)，情态动词(modal verb)和助动词(auxiliary verb)四类。 1)实义动词 实义动词有完全的词义，并能独立作谓语动词。如： The sun shone brightly this morning. He likes to go for a long walk on Sundays. We have a big TV set in the club. 2)连系动词 连系动词在句中作谓语动词，后面跟表语。英语连系动词有be(是)，seem(似乎)，look(看来)，keep(保持)，become(变成)，get(变得)，grow(变得)，feel(感到)，turn(变得，变成)，appear(显得)，remain(仍旧是)等。如： It is never too late to mend. It was a close game. 那场球赛比分很接近。 The children in this nursery look very healthy. Keep quiet，please! The tape recorder seems all right. Later he became a doctor. The problem remained unsolved until last year. [注一]下面句子中的come和go也是连系动词。如： The old mans dream has come true. Something has gone wrong with the truck. [注二]有些连系动词如seem, appear等后面常跟to be。如： The new text seems to be easy，but actually it is rather difficult. She appears to be the girls sister. 3)情态动词 情态动词有can (能)，may (可以，也许)，must(必须)等及其过去式could，might等，表示能力、义务、必要、猜测等说话人的语气或情态。情态动词只能和主要动词一起构成谓语动词。 4)助动词 助动词有shall，will，have，be，should，would， do等。它们只能和主要动词一起构成各种时态、语态、语气等动词形式，以及否定和疑问等结构中的谓语动词。 及物动词和不及物动词 从是否需要宾语来分，实义动词又有及物动词和不及物动词两类。 1)及物动词 后面必须跟宾语意义才完整的实义动词，叫做及物动词(transitive verb)。如： I believe that the committee will consider our suggestion. How long can I keep the book? Harry asked. Dr. Bethune set us a good example. Crude oil contains many useful substances. 原油含有许多有用的物质。 2)不及物动词 本身意义完整后面不须跟宾语的实义动词，叫做不及物动词(intransitive verb)。如： Birds fly. It h