Headache头痛概述全.docVIP

Headache　 头痛概述　 Headache （cephalalgia） is a common symptom, often associated with disability, but rarely life threatening. Headaches may be a primary disorder （migraine, cluster, or tension headache） or a secondary symptom of such disorders as acute systemic or intracranial infection, intracranial tumor, head injuries, severe hypertension, cerebral hypoxia, and many diseases of the eyes, nose, throat, teeth, ears, and cervical vertebrae. Sometimes no cause is found.　 头痛是一种常见症状，常常与功能障碍有关，但很少危及生命。头痛可能是一种原发性疾病（如偏头痛，丛集性头痛或紧张型头痛），也可能是某些疾病的继发症状，如急性全身性感染或颅内感染、颅内肿瘤、头外伤、严重的高血压、脑缺氧、及眼、耳、鼻、喉、口腔牙齿和颈椎等多种疾病，有时找不到任何病因。　 Headaches may result from stimulation of, traction of, or pressure on any of the pain-sensitive structures of the head: all tissues covering the cranium; the 5th, 9th, and 10th cranial nerves; the upper cervical nerves; the large intracranial venous sinuses; the large arteries at the base of the brain; the large dural arteries; and the dura mater at the skull base. Dilation or contraction of blood vessel walls stimulates nerve endings, causing headache. The cause of most headaches is extracranial rather than intracranial. Stroke, vascular abnormalities, and venous thromboses are uncommon causes of headache.　 对头部任何疼痛敏感结构的刺激、牵引或压迫都能引起头痛，这些结构包括覆盖头颅的所有组织；第5、9、10颅神经；上部颈神经；颅内大静脉窦；颅底大动脉；硬脑膜大动脉以及颅底硬脑膜。血管壁的扩张或收缩刺激神经末梢，引起头痛。大多数头痛的病因为颅外性而非颅内性。因脑卒中、血管畸形与静脉血栓形成引起的头痛并不常见。　 Diagnosis The frequency, duration, location, and severity of the headache; the factors that make it better or worse; associated symptoms and signs, such as fever, stiff neck, nausea, and vomiting; and special studies help identify the cause of headache.　 诊断　　诊断内容包括：头痛的发生频率、持续时间、部位、严重程度；改善或加剧头痛的因素；相关症状与体征（如发热、颈项强直、恶心与呕吐）；及辅助头痛病因检查的特殊检查。　 Secondary headaches may have specific characteristics. An acute whole-cranial, severe headache associated with fever, photophobia, and stiff neck indicates an infectious process, such as meningitis, until proved otherwise. Subarachnoid hemorrhage also causes acute heada