综合教程第七册Chapter 2.ppt

studyenglish2010@ 2010study Chapter Two Morphology: The Study of the Structure of Words Teaching aims: let the students have a brief knowledge about morphemes and the basic word-formation methods Focal points: definition and classification of morphemes; major word-formation methods A basic classification of English morphemes Creating New Words (Neologisms) Coined Words(造词) Acronyms（首字母词） Alphabetic Abbreviations（字母缩写词） Clippings（剪裁词） Blends （缩合词） Generified Words （类化词） Proper Nouns（专有名词） Borrowings（借词） Changing the Meaning of Words Change in Part of Speech(词性的改变) Metaphorical Extension（比喻扩展） Broadening（扩展） Narrowing（收缩） Semantic Drift（词义转变） Reversals（逆向意义） Compounds and Compounding WORDS: SOME BACKGROUND CONCEPTS 1. What is word? ……we might say that a word is an arbitrary pairing of sound and meaning. First, it does not distinguish between words and phrases or sentences, which are also (derivatively) arbitrary pairings of sound and meaning. Second, a word such as it in a sentence such as It is snowing. has no meaning. A unit of expression that has universal intuitive recognition by native speakers, whether it is expressed in spoken or written form. – A vague definition. A word is the smallest of the linguistic units that can constitute, by itself, a complete utterance in speech or writing. Three senses are involved in defining “word”, none of which is satisfactory to cope with all the situations. Three senses of “word” A physical unit: a cluster of sound segments or letters between two pauses or blanks, eg Phonological: Orthographic: It is wonderful. Three words are recognized. A lexical item or a lexeme A lexical item is an entry in a dictionary. A lexeme(词素, 词位) is the smallest unit in the meaning system of a language that can be distinguished from other similar units. It is an abstract unit. It can occur in many different forms in actual spoken or written sentences, and is regarded as the same lexeme even when inflected. E.g. the word “write” is