大气与海洋解释.pptVIP

Review: 各种形态海区中潮波潮流特性的比较;4. 如图所示，正规半日潮潮波（波长为λ）由南向北传入一个等深的窄长海区（长度AC=λ/6，平均水深H=10米，AB为一海堤），设潮波在该海区中的传播不受科氏力的影响，求： 1)D点的最大潮流流速为1.73米/秒，那么C点的潮差为多大？ 2) 若B点的高潮间隙为1059，那么，D点农历四月初七何时出现最大潮流流速？ 3) E点的最大潮流流速； 4) 若把AB海堤炸掉，建一个足够高的大桥取代之，那么，安全行使水深为8.5米的船通过大桥是否受时间限制，为什么？;解：(1) 窄长半封闭海湾的原点设在离湾顶?/4处;(2) 出现最大潮流流速为半潮面;§８ The Atmosphere and the Ocean 大气与海洋;Structure of the Atmosphere地球大气的垂直分层;Troposphere(对流层） 温度随高度降低 大气铅直混合强 气象要素水平分布不均 主要天气现象和过程的源地 Stratosphere（平流层） 底层温度变化不大，上部温度随高度增加而明显增高 大气层结稳定，铅直运动很弱;2. Atmospheric variables（气象要素）;3.1 Temperature;Fahrenheit (1714, Germany): Freezing of water at sea level = 32 degrees Fahrenheit Boiling = 212 degrees Fahrenheit The scale is linear. Celsius (1742, Sweden): Freezing = 0 degrees Celsius Boiling = 100 degrees Celsius The scale is linear. Kelvin (1800s, Lord Kelvin) Freezing = 273 Kelvin Boiling = 373 Kelvin The scale is linear. K = degrees Celsius + 273 ;;3.2 Atmospheric pressure(气压);Meteorologists generally measure air pressure in millibars (mb). Average sea level pressure = 1013 mb The highest measured sea level pressure on Earth was 1084 mb (Agata, Siberia). The lowest measured sea level pressure on Earth was 870 mb (within a typhoon). ;Isobars are in millibars;3.3 Humidity;;;3.4 Wind;;;;;3. The atmosphere in motion（大气运动）;;;;3.2 Atmospheric Processes;大尺度水平运动基本上是在水平气压梯度力和科氏力相平衡下维持的地转平衡运动。;3.3 平均大气环流的垂直结构;Three major convection cells（三圈环流） are present in each hemisphere.;Break the atmospheric circulation pattern into three cells: Lows at 0o and 60o characterized by warm, less dense, rising air Highs at 30o and 90o characterized by cold, more dense, descending air Surface winds blow from highs to lows;Effect of the Coriolis Force Deflect currents or winds The equator Characterized by weak winds (“doldrums”) Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) Zone along which the wind systems of the two hemispheres converge Also the zone of highest sea surface temperatures Not exactly on the equator because of the land/water difference