微观经济学双语剖析.ppt

1.1 DEFINITIONS AND QUESTIONS All economic questions and problems arise because human wants exceed the resources available to satisfy them. Scarcity（稀缺性） The condition that arises because the available resources are insufficient to satisfy unlimited wants. Faced with scarcity, we must make choices—we must choose among the available alternatives. The choices we make depend on the incentives we face. 1.1 DEFINITIONS AND QUESTIONS Incentive-(激励) An incentive is a reward or a penalty—a “carrot” or a “stick”—that encourages or discourages an action. （胡萝卜加大棒） Economics The social science that studies the choices that we make as we cope with scarcity and the incentives that influence and reconcile（使符合） our choices. The subject has two broad divisions—microeconomics and macroeconomics. 1.1 DEFINITIONS AND QUESTIONS Microeconomics Microeconomics: The study of the choices that individuals（消费者） and businesses（企业） make, the way these choices interact, and the influence that governments（政府） exert（施加） on these choices. Macroeconomics Macroeconomics: The study of the aggregate (or total) effects on the national economy and the global economy of the choices that individuals, businesses, and governments make. 1.1 DEFINITIONS AND QUESTIONS Microeconomic Questions What? What goods and services get produced and in what quantities? How? How are goods and services produced? For Whom? For whom are the various goods and services produced? Checkpoint 1.1 1. Give the definition of following statement (1) Scarcity (2) Incentive (3) Economics (4) Microeconomics (5) Macroeconomics 2. Economists studies choice that arise from one fact. What is the fact ? 3. Provide 3 examples of wants in China today that are especially pressing but not satisfied. 4. Provide an examples of an incentive that is like a carrot and one that like a stick.（tax or subsidy ） Checkpoint 1.1 5. Sort the following issues into microeconomics and macroeconomics. People must install catalytic（催化的） co