morphology英语形态结构..ppt

Yun-Pi Yuan Morphology I.????Basic concepts and terms Derivational processes Inflection Function words Problems in morphological description Interaction between morphology and phonology Collocations Basic Concepts and Terms (1) Morphology: The study of the structure of words how words are formed (from morphemes) Morpheme: The smallest unit of language that carries meaning (maybe a word or not a word) A sound-meaning unit A minimal unit of meaning or grammatical function The level of language at which sound and meaning combine A. Free morpheme: lexical functional morpheme B. Bound morpheme: derivational inflectional Basic Concepts and Terms (2) Stem (root, base): the morpheme to which other morphemes are added free (e.g. teacher, dresses, unkind) Stem bound (e.g. inept, unkempt) Free Morpheme Definition: can occur by itself, not attached to other morphemes Examples: girl, teach, book, class, the, of, etc. Two kinds A. lexical morpheme (open class) 1. definition: has lexical meaning; new examples can be freely added 2. examples: N, Verb, Adj, Adv (content words) B. functional morpheme (closed class) 1. definition: new examples are rarely added (but not impossible to add) 2. examples: Pro, Prep, Conj, Art. (function words) Bound Morpheme I.??Definition: must be attached to another morpheme II. Derivational morpheme may change syntactic class to form new words examples: -able, un-, re-, etc. III. Inflectional morpheme Different forms of the same word Not change syntactic class Only 8 kinds in English: -’s, -s (plural nouns), -ing, -ed/-en, -est, -er, -s (S-V agreement) Basic Concepts and Terms (3) Affix: Prefix e.g. Unhappy Infix e.g. Absogoddamlutely (see Nash 56) Suffix e.g. happiness Morphemes lexical free (open classes) Morphemes