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Chapter 8 Close Relationships: Family, Friends, Lovers, and Spouses Close Relationships Interdependent Relationships with Family and Friends versus Loneliness Romantic Relationships and Falling in Love Marriage: Happily Ever After and Otherwise Interdependent Relationships Interdependence—common to all close relationships, characterized by an interpersonal association in which two people influence each other’s lives, often focus their thoughts on one another, and regularly engage in joint activities Includes commitment to the relationship May be motivated by biological factors Evidence for the importance of social bonds exists in other species Interdependent Relationships Family: Where Relationships and Attachment Styles Begin Parent-child interactions constitute the basis for expectations about later relationships. Adults use baby talk and display exaggerated facial expressions to engage infants. Infants are equipped to interact with fellow humans. They are sensitive to facial cues and the sounds people make. Interdependent Relationships The lasting importance of parent-child interactions Attachment style—degree of security in interpersonal relationships; styles develop on the interactions between infant and caregiver and lead to the formation of two basic attitudes self-esteem (attitudes about one’s self worth) and interpersonal trust (attitudes about other people) Interdependent Relationships Four attachment styles are: Secure Style-high in both self-esteem and trust; do best in interpersonal relationships Fearful-Avoidant Style-low in both self-esteem and trust; least adaptive attachment style Preoccupied Style-low in self-esteem and high in trust; strong desire to form a close relationship, but feels unworthy of a partner and is vulnerable to rejection Dismissing Style-high in self-esteem and low in trust; feels deserving of a close relationship, but mistrusts potential partners and tends to reject them to avoid being the one who is rejected Styles appear