替换与重复的对比.pptVIP

“语篇” 所应具有的七项标准: 衔接(cohesion) 连贯性(coherence) 意向性(intentionality) 可接受性 (acceptability) 语境(situationality) 信息性(informativity) 互文性 (intertextuality) “衔接”Cohesion 衔接是将语篇不同部分联系在一起的语法、词汇和其它手段的统称。 “衔接是语篇分析或篇章语言学中可用于翻译的最有用的成分”。 ——Peter Newmark 替代(Substitution) 用替代的形式(pro-forms)来代替句中或上文已出现过的词语或内容(shared words and content)，这是用英语说话或写作的一项重要原则。 这些替代的形式主要有：名词性替代(nominal substitution) ，动词性替代(verbal substitution) ，分句性替代(clausal substitution) 。 Translation from English into Chinese is not so easy as that from English into French． 英译汉不如汉译英容易。 A chemical change is one in which the structure of particles is changed and a new substance is formed． 化学变化是改变粒子结构、形成新物质的一种 变化。 2）动词性替代：用替代词来取代谓语动词(词组)。 你不愿意落后，她也不愿意落后。 You don’t want to lag behind. Neither does she. The Americans are reducing their defence expenditure this year. I wonder if the Russians will do so. 3）分句性替代：用替代词so或not来取代充当宾语的that从句，用if so或if not来取代条件从句，用as来取代分句的一部分，等等。 People believe that the American team will win the football game．Peter thinks so，but I believe not． 一个人的工作，究竟是三分成绩七分错误，还是七分成绩三分错误，必须有个根本的估价。 We must have a fundamental evaluation of a person’s work and establish whether his achievements amount to 30 percent and his mistakes to 70 percent, or vice versa. 省略(omission) 省略和替代一样，也是避免重复的手段，语言学称为“零位替代”(zero-substitution)。英语常省略已经出现的词，而汉语则重复这些词语。 阅读训练人的眼睛，说话训练人的口齿，写作训练人的思维。 Reading exercises one’s eye’s; speaking, one’s tongue; while writing one’s mind. (F．Bacon) 野心不仅是罪恶的根源，也是毁灭的根源。 Ambition is the mother of evil as well as of destruction. 说一个人自私，不是因为他只考虑自己的利益，而是因为他不顾邻人的利益。 A man is called selfish, not for pursuing his own good, but for neglecting his neighbor’s. 变换(Variation) 上述的替代和省略也是变换的手段，此外英语还常用近义词复现和句式变化等方法来避免重复。 近义词复现常常是概括词(generic term)和下属词(specific word)之间的互相替换(hyponymy) 。 The monkey’s most extraordinary accomplishment was learning to operate a tractor．By the age of nine，the monkey had learned to solo on the vehicle． (R．Quirk) 这只猴子最了不起的技能是学