专业英语有机物命名.pptVIP

有机化合物和基团命名 Nomenclature for Organic Compounds and Groups Ⅰ Saturated and Unsaturated Hydrocarbons 1. Nomenclature for saturated hydrocarbons a. Alkanes Prefix: metha-, etha-, propa-, buta-, penta-, hexa-, hepta-, octa-, nona-, deca-; Suffix: -ane e.g.: 2-chloropentane, 2-methylbutane, 2,2,4-trimethylpentane. Ⅰ Saturated and Unsaturated Hydrocarbons 1. Nomenclature for saturated hydrocarbons b. Cycloalkanes follows the same pattern used for the noncyclic alkanes. e.g.: cyclopropane, 1,2-dichlorocyclohexane. Ⅰ Saturated and Unsaturated Hydrocarbons 1. Nomenclature for saturated hydrocarbons c. Primary, secondary, tertiary, and quarternary carbon atom. d. Normal hydrocarbons (unbranched): n- e. methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl (isopropyl), tert-butyl, cyclopropyl. Ⅰ Saturated and Unsaturated Hydrocarbons 2. Nomenclature for unsaturated hydrocarbons a. Alkenes and alkynes Suffix: -ene, -adiene; -yne, adiyne. e.g.: ethene, 1,3-butadiene, 1,3-pentadiyne. Ⅰ Saturated and Unsaturated Hydrocarbons 2. Nomenclature for unsaturated hydrocarbons b. Aromatic hydrocarbons benzene, disubstituted benzene (o-, m-, p-). e.g.: ethylbenzene, m-xylene, phenyl. Ⅱ Functional Groups with Covalent Single Bonds 1. Alkyl or aryl halides (RX or ArX ) e.g.: methyl bromide (bromomethane), ethyl iodide (iodoethane), 1,2-dibromopropane, chloroethene, chlorobenzene. Ⅱ Functional Groups with Covalent Single Bonds 2. Alcohols (ROH) and phenols (ArOH) dropping the final “e” and adding “ol”. e.g.: methanol, ethanol, cyclohexanol; 2-propanol, tert-butyl alcohol; 1,2-ethanediol, 1,2,3-propanetriol; 2-phenylethanol; phenol. Ⅱ Functional Groups with Covalent Single Bonds 3. Ethers (ROR’) “-oxy-” 烷氧基. e.g.: dimethy