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R E V I E W Results of the ONTARGET and TRANSCEND studies: an update and discussion David Fitchett Abstract: The renin angiotensin aldosterone system (RAAS) plays an important role in the St Michael’s Hospital, and University pathophysiology of cardiovascular disease. Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEi) of Toronto, Ontario, Canada have proven benefi t in reducing cardiovascular events in patients at high risk. Angiotensin receptor blockers (ARB) have been demonstrated to have benefi t in the management of heart failure and to be non-inferior to ACEi in patients with left ventricular dysfunction after a myocardial infarction (MI). Yet until now, there has been no trial to support the use of the ARB for vascular protection. The ONTARGET study showed that the ARB telmisartan conserved 95% of the vascular protective properties of the ACEi ramipril, given at similar doses to a similar patient group as had been previously shownin the HOPE study to benefi t from ACE inhibition with ramipril. The TRANSCEND study in a similar population of patients who were intolerant of ACEi despite the primary endpoint being neutral, showed a trend to a benefi t for the combined secondary endpoint of cardiovascular death, MI and stroke, with excellent tolerance of the ARB. The reas