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生物碱 Alkaloid Alkaloid exist in nature (mainly for plants, but some also exists in animal) a kind of nitrogen alkaline organic compound, have be like alkali properties, so the past also called constraint alkali. structure Alkaloid is a kind of complex ring structures containing organic nitrogen compounds, its molecular has nitrogen of heterocyclic, such as pyridine, indoles, purine, tropane,Isoquinoline,terpene,sterides,amines etc phyletic、shape Known alkaloids is a lot of more phyletic, about 2,000 kinds of above,most exist in more than 100 available in plants, such as solanaceae(茄科), the buttercup family(毛茛科), leguminosae(豆科), etc .There are some structured hasnt fully determined. Most alkaloids is crystallization form solid, some are crystalline form powder; There is a minority in room temperature for liquid, such as Nicotine (烟碱), poison parsley bases (Coniine) etc colour、flavor General colorless. Only a few with color,such as Berberine(小檗碱)、Magnoflorine(木兰花碱)、Serpentine(蛇根碱)etc are yellow Regardless of alkaloids itself or its salts, having bitterness, some flavour is extremely bitter and spicy, still some exciting to clarify the deeply worried feeling. acid-base reaction、solubility A similar nature of alkali, salt with acid combine into a plant in vivo in organic form existence Most alkaloids are hardly soluble or soluble in water. Soluble in alcohol, ether (乙醚)and chloroform(氯仿), acetone(丙酮), benzene(苯) etc organic solvents. Alkaloid salts mostly soluble in water. tobacco plants 烟草的茎叶含有多种生物碱,已分离出的就有14种之多,其含量为1%~9%。其中主要有毒成分是烟碱,中生物碱中含量的93%,尤以叶中含量最高。 nicotine 尼古丁,也称烟碱,烟碱含量95%-98%。烟碱为脂溶性物质,可经口腔、胃肠道、呼吸道黏膜及皮肤吸收。 烟碱的毒性与氢氰酸相当,急性中毒时的死亡速度也几乎与之相同(5~30min) 进入人体后,一部分暂时蓄积在肝脏内,另一部分则可氧化为无毒的β-吡啶甲酸(烟酸),而未被破坏的部分则可肾脏排出体外;同时也可由肺、唾液腺和汗腺排出一小部分;还有很少量可由乳汁排出此举会减轻乳腺的分泌功能。 cigarette 一支烟含烟碱20~30mg。虽在吸烟时,大部分烟碱被燃烧破坏,但可产生一些致癌物。 研究表明,吸烟会降低脑力及体力劳动者的精确反应能力。吸烟过多可产生各种毒性反应,由于刺激作用,可致慢性咽炎以及呼吸道其他症状,肺癌与吸烟有一定关联性。 Atropa belladonna L 常被用作药物,因毒性较大,一般只做外用,不可内服,如果不慎误服将导致中毒 颠茄中含有的生物碱——茄碱有毒成分,以未成熟的果
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