农田中氮肥的损失与策略.pdfVIP

土壤与环境 2000, 9(1): 1~6 Soil and Environmental Sciences E-mail: ses@ 文章编号 1008-181X 2000 01-0001-06 农田中氮肥的损失与对策 朱兆良 中国科学院南京土壤研究所 南京 210008 摘要 评述了我国有关农田中氮肥的损失及其对策的研究结果 主要涉及农田中氮肥的损失程度 途径和机理 氮肥损失 对环境的影响 减少氮肥损失 提高氮肥利用率的技术原则和主要措施 这些措施包括确定适宜的施氮量 以及采用深施 水肥综合管理 平衡施肥 脲酶抑制剂 硝化抑制剂 液态分子膜等 关键词 氮肥 氮肥利用率 氮素损失 环境 硝化-反硝化 氨挥发 脲酶抑制剂 硝化抑制剂 中图分类号 S143.1; X14 文献标识码 A Loss of Fertilizer N from Plants-soil System and the Strategies and Techniques for Its Reduction ZHU Zhao- liang ( Institute of soil science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China ) Abstract: The present paper summarizes the studies conducted in China relevant to the improvement in the efficiency of fertilizer N by reducing N losses from crop plant-soil systems. It includes those topics such as the extent, pathways and mechanisms of fertilizer N losses from soil-plant systems, the agronomic efficiency of fertilizer N and the environment al impact of N loss, and the principles and techniques for reducing N loss and improving N efficiency. The efficacy of optimization of the rate and timing of N application, deep placement, irrigation-fertilization, urease inhibitors, nitrification inhibitors, and surface film for reducing ammonia loss from flooded rice fields are thoroughly discussed. Key words: nitrogen fertilizer; nitrogen efficiency; nitrogen loss; environment; ammonia volatilization; nitrification-denitrification; urease inhibitor; nitrification inhibitor 增加氮肥投入是发展农业生产的主要途径之 单位用差减法在稻麦的田间小区试验中测定的结 一 但是 农田中氮素的损失又可引起环境污染 果表明 其利用率变动于 9 72之间 平均值 我国是世界上化肥氮消费量最多的国家 并且这 在 30~41之间 高产地区甚至低于此值 国 15 种消费量将可能进一步增加 因此 兼顾氮肥施