3. Syntax (句法规则)资料.pdfVIP

3.Syntax(句法规则)

2023年8月17日22:53

Syntax

=thestudyofhowlanguagesexpressrelationshipsbetweenwords.Likeordering.

First,istheorderoflanguages,e.g.

S=subject(主语),V=verb(谓语),O=object(宾语).

S+V+OEnglish,Nahuatl,Malagasy,Chinese

S+O+VJapanese,Hindi,Korean

V+S+OIrish,Hawaiian,notcommon

Second,isaddmorphemes.e.g.,(inLatin)

Hospesleporemvidet=Thehostseestherabbit

Hospitemlepusvidet=Therabbitseesthehost

Feelgrammatical,orintuition

e.g.

Iseethem*Meseethey(?

Theemployerhiredtheemployee*Theemployeehiredtheemployer(?

Grammaticality

Twoexamplesthatdoesntmeananything.

1.Hasnothingtodowithwhetherasentencemakesanysense.

2.Notaboutwhetherasentencemeetswiththeapprovalofteachers,editors,or

otherauthorities.

e.g.Colorlessgreenideassleepfuriously.(没有颜色的绿色想法狂暴地睡觉)

Grammarticalityhelpsconstructasentence,Ifwecansubstituteasinglewordinforseveral

words,whilepreservingthemeaning,thenweknowthatthisgroupofwordscanactasa

singleunit.Wecancallthisthesubstitutiontest(缩句测试).

e.g.Taylor=aneconomistwhoteachesme.

Cleftconstruction(hypotheseofword-order)

Taylorseestherabbit=itsseeingtherabbitthatTaylordoes.

Constituents

Allofthedifferentsub-groups,e.g.predicateorsubject,thatwecanfindinasentence

arecalledconstituents,referstosomethingthatconstitutes,ormakesupapartof,a

largerwhole.

However,eachlanguagehasdifferentstructurepatterns,likecleftconstructiondoesnt

alwaystrueinHindiorLatin.(orderofwords)

分区Linguistics的第1页

SyntaxTrees

Determiners(the,a,an),helpusfigureoutwhichspecificinstanceofaspecificnounwere

talkingabout.

Thephrase=agroupofwordswithoutafiniteverb,especiallyonethatfor