社会群体类型及际关系纽带分析.pdfVIP

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TPO-13

TypesofSocialGroups

Lifecesusinacomplexwebofrelationshipswithotherpeople.Ourhumannessarisesoutofthese

relationshipsinthecourseofsocialinteraction.Moreover,ourhumannessmustbesustainedthroughsocial

interaction—andfairlyconstantlyso.Whenanassociationcontinueslongenoughfortwopeopletobecome

linkedtogetherbyarelativelystablesetofexpectations,itiscalledarelationship.

Peopleareboundwithinrelationshipsbytwotypesofbonds:expressivetiesandinstrumentalties.

Expressivetiesaresociallinksformedwhenweemotionallyinvestourselvesinandcommitourselvestoother

people.Throughassociationwithpeoplewhoaremeaningfultous,weachieveasenseofsecurity,love,

acceptance,companionship,andalworth.Instrumentaltiesaresociallinksformedwhenwecooperate

withotherpeopletoachievesomegoal.Occasionally,thismaymeanworkingwithinsteadofagainstcompetitors.

Moreoften,wesimplycooperatewithotherstoreachsomeendwithoutendowingtherelationshipwithanylarger

significance.

Sociologistshavebuiltonthedistinctionweenexpressiveandinstrumentaltiestodistinguishween

twotypesofgroups:primaryandsecondary.Aprimarygroupinvolvestwoormorepeoplewhoenjoyadirect,

intimate,cohesiverelationshipwithoneanother.Expressivetiespredominateinprimarygroups;weviewthe

peopleasendsinthemselvesandvaluableintheirownright.Asecondarygroupentailstwoormorepeople

whoareinvolvedinanimalrelationshipandhavecometogetherforaspecific,practicalpurpose.

Instrumentaltiespredominateinsecondarygroups;weperceivepeopleasm

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