张勇先《经济学专业英语教程（第四版·下）》Unit 3.pptVIP

Unit 3 Text: Human Resources Management（人力资源管理） 1. Key words2. Motivation3. Maslow’s need hierarchy theory4. Equity Theory5. Reinforcement Theory6. Questions 1. Key wordsneed hierarchyfringe benefitslower-level needshigher-level needsphysiological needssafety and securityself-preservationsocial or affiliation needsesteem needsself-confidenceself-actualizationfrom the individual’s perspectivepositive inequitynegative inequitywalking into a polepositive reinforcementnegative reinforcementundesirable behaviordisciplinary letter 2. MotivationA basic definition of motivation might be the process that causes behavior to be energized, directed, and sustained.To explain motivation, we must try to understand the “whys” of behavior. Why does an individual choose to act one way rather than another? Why does the individual stop doing something that needs to be done? In attempts to understand the “whys” of individual behavior, different types of motivational theories have been developed. 3. Maslow’s need hierarchy theory3.1 Three basic assumptions for need levels3.2 Lower-level needs3.3 Higher-level needs 3.1 Three basic assumptions for need levels3.1.1 A satisfied need does not motivate. When a need is satisfied, another need emerges to take its place, so people are always striving to satisfy some need.3.1.2 Various needs are arranged in a hierarchy such that individuals attempt to satisfy some needs before moving on to others. 3.1.3 There are more ways to satisfy higher-level needs than lower-level needs. 3.2 Lower-level needs3.2.1 Physiological needs3.2.2 Safety and security needs 3.2.1 Physiological needsThe physiological needs are those that sustain life itself: food, clothing, and shelter. Until these basic needs are met to some degree of comfort, most of our energy will be devoted to this level. Only when the physiological needs have been sufficiently satisfied will other levels of needs become important and provide motivation. 3.2.2 Safety and security needsSafety and s