英语词汇学词义的变化.pptxVIP

会计学;When a word loses its old meaning and comes to refer to something altogether different, the result is a change of word meaning. “… Change of meaning is a commonplace, and indeed it would appear to be fundamental in living language, …… almost every word we use today has a slightly different meaning from the one it had a century ago: and a century ago it had a slightly different meaning from the one it had a century before that.” _________ Quirk 1963:123-124;Causes of changes in word meaning 1. the world is changing 社会是语言的外部因素（索绪尔，1980：43），但是社会又不是一般的外部因素，而是客体世界中最重要的外部因素， 因为语言是特殊的社会现象，语言跟社会诸因素有千丝万缕的关系。 1.1 旧词添新义 car\ship 1.2 科技发展 光环 1.3 普通义位与科技义位间的转变 menu, window 1.4 社会集团社会地位的变化 governor, lord 1.5 经济的发展 狗、马 1.6 民族或种族矛盾的原因 Dutch ;2. Human being is changing 2.1 认识水平在提高 heart,brain 2.2 思想观念的更新 天堂、老板、演员、士兵 2.3心理感情因素 求新： 净面、洗脸、飚客、粉丝, 闪族 求美：春风、教室 求省：机票、机场、机群、客机、班机 gold metal 求雅：euphemism 下岗、老、战略性撤退、穷 circumlocution lie\steal\lazy 感情因素（移情）：冤家;3.The language is changing 3.1 semantic reason harvest\autumn motor 左右 红白赤 3.2 grammatical reason 廉颇老矣，尚能饭否？ 3.3 pragmatic reason 斗 闻;2;Extension of Meaning; Four kinds of extension A. From specific to general ;A. From specific to general 从特指到泛指;;More Examples;B. From proper nouns to common nouns;Example;;Argus百眼巨人;Narcissus水仙花; Munchausen 说大话的人;Pinchbeck冒牌货;Frankenstein;“Watergate”源指美国华盛顿特区综合大厦。1972年6月17日夜间，共和党争取总统连任委员会有关人员潜入大厦内民主党全国委员会总部而被捕，暴露了共和党政府在总统竞选中的非法活动，导致美国历史上首次总统辞职，现泛指“丑闻”。; Louis Pasteur is a French chemist and biologist. His researches showing that the fermentation发酵 of milk and wine was due to the multiplication of bacteria and other microorganisms led to the discovery of the role of microorganism in human and animal disease. From these findings he developed immunization by inoculation免疫接种 of attenuated microbes微生物, and the process of pasteurization巴氏消毒法.;Pasteurization is a process w