经济学原理概念解释.docxVIP

1?Getting?Started Scarcity?【稀缺】 Scarcity?is?the?condition?that?arises?because?wants?exceeds?the?ability?of?resources?to?satisfy them.?Faced?with?scarcity,?we?must?make?choices—we?must?choose?among?the?available alternatives.?The?choices?we?make?depend?on?the?incentives?we?face. Economics?Defined?【经济学定义】 Economics?is?the?social?science?that?studies?the?choices?that?individuals,?businesses, governments,?and?entire?societies?make?as?they?cope?with?scarcity,?the?incentives?that influence?those?choices,?and?the?arrangements?that?coordinate?them. Economics?divides?into?two?parts:【经济学分类】 1?Microeconomics:?The?study?of?the?choices?that?individuals?and?businesses?make?and?the way?these?choices?interact?and?are?influenced?by?governments. 2?Macroeconomics:?The?study?of?the?aggregate?(or?total)?effects?on?the?national?economy and?the?global?economy?of?the?choices?that?individuals,?businesses,?and?governments?make. Two?big?economic?questions:【两个经济学问题】 ??How?do?choices?determine?what,?how,?and?for?whom?goods?and?services?get?produced? ??When?do?choices?made?in?self-interest?also?promote?the?social?interest? A?tradeoff【取舍】?is?an?exchange—giving?up?one?thing?to?get?something?else. Opportunity?cost【机会成本】?is?the?best?thing?that?you?must?give?up?to?get?something— the?highest-valued?alternative?forgone. Benefit【收益】?is?the?gain?or?pleasure?that?something?brings. Benefit?is?measured?by?what?you?are?willing?to?give?up. A?rational?choice【理性选择】?is?a?choice?that?uses?the?available?resources?to?best?achieve the?objective?of?the?person?making?the?choice. A?choice?made?at?the?margin【边际】?is?a?choice?made?by?comparing?all?the?relevant alternatives?systematically?and?incrementally. Marginal?Cost Marginal?cost【边际成本】?is?the?opportunity?cost?of?a?one-unit?increase?in?an?activity. Marginal?benefit【边际收益】?is?what?you?gain?when?you?get?one?more?unit?of?something. An?incentive【激励】?is?a?reward?or?a?penalty—a?“carrot”?or?a?“stick”—that?encourages?or discourages?an?action. An?economic?model?【经济学模型】?is?a?des