(完整版)语言学概念必考知识点.pdfVIP

Unit 1 Competence (语言能力 ): the ideal user ’s knowledge of the rules of his language . Performance ( 语言运用 ): the actual use of language in concrete situations. Arbitrariness ( 符号特性 ): there is no intrinsic connection between the word and the thing. Productivity(creativity): Language is resourceful because of its duality and its recursiveness. We can use it to create new meanings. Duality: The structural organization of language into two abstract levels: meaningful units (e. g. words in written language) and meaningless segments (e. g. sounds, letters in spoken language). Displacement: Human languages enable their users to symbolize objects, events and concepts which are not present (in time and space) at the moment of communication. Six basic functions of language: Emotive: the addresser expressed his attitude to the topic of situation of communication. Conative ( 意动功能 ): the addresser aims to influence the addressee ’s course of action or ways of thinking. Referential ( 所指功能 ): the addresser conveys a massage or information. Poetic (诗 / 美学功能 ): the addresser uses language for the sole purpose of displaying the beauty of language itself. Phatic communion ( 寒暄/ 交互功能 ): the addresser tries to establish or maintain good interpersonal relationships with the addressee. Metalinguistic (元语言功能 ): the addresser uses language to make clear the meaning of language itself. Unit 2 Broad transcription (宽式转写 ) : When we use a simple set of symbols in our transcription, it is called a broad transcription. Narrow transcription ( 严式转写 ) : The use of more specific symbols to show more phonetic detail is referred to as a narrow transcription. Both are phonetic transcriptions (语音转写 ) so we put both fo