microRNA在甲壳动物中的研究进展.docVIP

microRNA在甲壳动物中的研究进展 摘要：目前为止，众多的microRNAs已经从各种组织中被发现并提取，包括哺乳动物，植物，昆虫，线虫动物，和病毒等。microRNAs是一类在真核生物中广泛存在的大小在 22~24nt左右，单链，内源性，非编码，进化上高度保守的小分子RNA，在转录水平上，通过和靶mRNAs互补结合调控基因表达，在RNA信号通路上，干扰RNA通路正常运行。研究发现microRNAs在生物体具有高度的保守性、时序性、组织特异性的转录后调控因子，在调控途径：生长、发育、生殖、细胞分化、造血作用、细胞增殖与凋亡、疾病、代谢、信号转导、胁迫应答以及免疫（调节先天免疫和适应性免疫）等方面发挥重要调控作用。有关microRNAs的研究已经取得了众多的科研成果，但在一些甲壳动物中研究还比较缺乏，比如：斑节对虾。在甲壳动物中，最先得到深入研究的是水溞，2011年，在水溞中发现了45种miRNAs，同年，在日本囊对虾中也首次发现了35 种miRNAs，其中的11种miRNAs，和其他已知节肢动物相比，显示了高同源性。据2015年数据显示，在甲壳类动物，已经有数十种microRNAs被鉴定，包括螯虾( Procambarus clarkii)，日本囊对虾 ( Marsupenaeus japonicus ) ，中华绒螯蟹( Eriocheirsinensis)等。本文主要对microRNAs的基本概念，形成，作用机理，在甲壳动物中的生物学功能，研究应用，发展前景等方面作有限的总结，以期能为甲壳动物microRNAs的研究发展起到推动作用。 关键词：microRNAs；甲壳动物；调控；免疫；对虾 Abstract：Till date numerous microRNAs (miRNAs) have been discovered from various organisms, including mammals, plants, insects, nematodes and viruses. MicroRNAs are a kind of around 22 ~ 24 nt, single strand, endogenous, non-coding, evolutionary highly conservative RNAs which widely exist in eukaryotic. miRNAs regulate gene expression at the post-transcriptional level and play an important role in development, reproduction, cell differentiation, hematopoiesis, cell proliferation and apoptosis, disease, metabolism, signal transduction, stress response and immunological defense function, as shown in Figure 1. Studies of microRNAs has made many achievements, but in some crustaceans the research is relatively lack, such as: Penaeus monodon. In crustaceans, Daphnia is the first to get in-depth study. In 2011, 45 kinds of miRNAs were found in Daphnia. The same year, 35 species of miRNAs were also found for the first time in Marsupenaeus japonicas. Among them, one of the 11 kinds of miRNAs, comparing with those of other known arthropod, showed high homology. According to the data in 2015, in crustaceans, dozens of microRNAs have been identified, including Procambarus clarkia, Marsupenaeus japonicas, Eriocheirsinensis, etc. This article mainly discusses the basic conception,