Remote Environment-课件.pptVIP

Remote Environment Economic Factors Concern the nature and direction of economy in which a firm operates Types of factors General availability of credit Level of disposable income Propensity of people to spend Prime interest rates Inflation rates Trends in growth of gross national product Social Factors Beliefs, values, opinions, and lifestyles of people Recent social trends Entry of large numbers of women into labor market Accelerating interest of consumers and employees in quality-of-life issues Shift in age distribution of population Political Factors Define legal and regulatory parameters within which firms must operate Types of factors Free-trade agreements Antitrust laws Tax programs Minimum wage legislation Pollution and pricing policies Administrative jawboning Technological Factors Focus on technological changes affecting industry Types of changes New products Improvements in existing products Manufacturing and marketing techniques Role of technological forecasting Foresees advancements and estimating their impact on organization’s operations Alerts managers to impending challenges and promising opportunities Ecological Factors Ecology refers to the relationships among human beings and other living things and air, soil, and water Current concerns Global warming Loss of habitat and biodiversity Air, water, and land pollution Responsibilities of firms Eliminating toxic by-products of current manufacturing processes Cleaning up prior environmental damage 1.企業本身與同業直接競爭者間的競爭強度 (Rivalry Determinants) 同產業的廠商數目 同產業廠商間的市場佔有率 同產業廠商間的市場成長率 同產業廠商間產品的差異性 同產業廠商間該產品的成本結構 同產業廠商間該產品的轉換成本 同產業廠商間該產品的品牌強度 同產業廠商間該產品的利潤空間 同產業廠商間該產品的客戶群結構 該產業之產業集中度 該產業之進入障礙 …… 2.來自供應商的議價能力 (Suppliers Bargaining Power) 只有一家 是否為少數供應商 是否為特殊規格 關鍵性零件 … 3.買主的議價能力 (Buyers Bargaining Power) 可分消費性消耗品與工業性可轉賣品 產品特徵 產品價格 品牌強度 價格對市場的敏感度 買主的預算 購買數量 買主的喜好 … 4.來自潛在進入者的威脅力 Economies of scale Product differentiation Capital requirements Cost advantages independent of size Access to distribution channels G