Airway Management, Ventilation, Oxygen Therapy：气道管理，通风，氧疗.pptVIP

Unlocking airway management skills …. Respiratory Anatomy Nose and mouth (warms, moistens, and filters air). Pharynx Oropharynx Nasopharynx Epiglottis Trachea (windpipe) Upper Airway Respiratory Anatomy Cricoid cartilage Larynx (voice box). Bronchi Lungs Visceral pleura (surface of lungs) Parietal pleura (internal chest wall) Interpleural space (potential space) Lower Airway Respiratory Anatomy Diaphragm Inhalation (active process) Diaphragm and intercostal muscles contract, increasing the size of the thoracic cavity. Diaphragm moves slightly downward, ribs move upward and outward. The negative pressure in the chest cavity causes air flow into the lungs. Respiratory Anatomy Exhalation (passive process) Diaphragm and intercostal muscles relax decreasing the size of the thoracic cavity. Diaphragm moves upward, ribs move downward and inward. The positive pressure inside the chest cavity causes air flow out of the lungs. Anatomical sources of ventilation problems Upper airway Lower airway Head/neck-Brain Spinal cord Chest wall Respiratory Physiology Oxygenation - blood and the cells become saturated with oxygen Hypoxia - inadequate oxygen levels in the blood Signs of Hypoxia Increased or decreased heart rate Altered mental status (early sign) Agitation Initial elevation of B.P. followed by a decrease Cyanosis (often a late sign) Alveolar Gas Exchange Oxygen-rich air enters the alveoli during each inspiration. Oxygen enters the blood in the capillaries as carbon dioxide enters the alveoli for exhalation. Infant and Child Considerations Mouth and nose - generally all structures are smaller and more easily obstructed than in adults. Pharynx - infant’s and children’s tongues take up proportionally more space in the mouth than adults. Trachea - (windpipe) Infants and children have narrower tracheas that are obstructed more easily by swelling. Trachea is softer and more flexible in infants and children. Infant and Child Considerations Cricoid cartilage - like other carti