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Energy-Efficient Sensor Networks Chapter 13 Megha Gupta, Mohammad S. Obaidat, Sanjay K. Dhurandher Sensor network Collection of sensors which can communicate between themselves. Sensors are tiny devices, which can sense their residing environment’s various activities due to their special manufacturing features. Sensor node Small in size Low cost Low power Multifunctional Easily communicate within short distances Sensor node… Consists of: Sensing device Data processing device Communicating device Example Thermal, Visual, Light, Pressure, Temperature, Humidity etc… Sensor node… Figure 1: An underwater sensor node chip. A small chip holding all the components. 1.Terminal block for solar panel or external 12V supply . Molex connector for battery (paralleled with connector 1) .Debugging interface can be used to monitor phone communications using a pc serial port .ICD2 interface for programming the PIC .Molex connector to mobile phone 6.Molex connector to underwater sensor Courtesy:- http://pei.ucc.ie/daithi/construction.html Sensor Network Applications Environmental Monitoring Animals/Plants Habitat Monitoring Building/Bridges Structural Monitoring Medical diagnostics Natural disaster monitoring Military Applications Traffic monitoring. Smart home appliances. Inventory management etc…. Sensor Node Issues Limited in computation Low memory Low power resources Slow communication speed Small bandwidth May not have global identification More prone to failures due to harsh deployment environments and energy constraints Need to be densely deployed in most environments. Wireless Sensor Network Radio Transmission Range. A Sensor Node Figure. A Wireless Sensor Network As shown in the Figure, the network between the sensor devices is established through the radio component of the sensors. A wireless sensor network can consist of hundreds of sensor nodes. During the communication process, the sensor nodes exchange information and discover the neighbouring nodes