商务知识导读Unit 9 Europeanentrepreneurs.pptxVIP

Unit 9 European entrepreneurs ;Part I Lead-in;Part I Lead-in;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;Notes:;Notes:;Notes:;Notes:;Notes:;Notes:; ;企业家精神是对企业家组织建立和经营管理企业所展现的独特的个人素质、价值取向以及思维模式的抽象表达，是对企业家理性和非理性逻辑结构的一种超越、升华，是一种重要而特殊的无形生产要素。彼得?F?德鲁克认为：“所谓公司的核心竞争力，就是指能干别人根本不能做的事，能在逆境中求得生存和发展，能将市场、客户的价值与制造商、供应商融为一体的特殊能力。”企业核心竞争力从某种意义上讲，是企业家精神的一个反映或扩展，它体现的正是企业的创造与冒险，体现的正是企业的合作与进取。企业家精神对企业核心竞争力的巨大作用在一些具有远见卓识和非凡的魄力与能力的企业家那里得到集中体现。;2. risk-averse（risk-aversion） 风险厌恶 It is a concept in psychology, economics, and finance, based on the behavior of humans (especially consumers and investors) while exposed to uncertainty to attempt to reduce that uncertainty. Risk aversion is the reluctance of a person to accept a bargain with an uncertain payoff rather than another bargain with a more certain, but possibly lower, expected payoff. ; 2. risk-averse（risk-aversion） 风险厌恶 For example, a risk-averse investor might choose to put his or her money into a bank account with a low but guaranteed interest rate, rather than into a stock that may have high expected returns, but also involves a chance of losing value. 其他两种投资者类型为风险中性（risk-neutral）和风险爱好型（risk-loving）。;***Risk, Speculation, and Gambling One definition of speculation is “the assumption of considerable investment risk to obtain commensurate gain.” Although this definition is fine linguistically, it is useless without first specifying what is meant by “considerable risk” and “commensurate gain.” By “considerable risk” we mean that the risk is sufficient to affect the decision. An individual might reject an investment that has a positive risk premium because the potential gain is insufficient to make up for the risk involved. ; By “commensurate gain” we mean a positive risk premium, that is, an expected profit greater than the risk-free alternative. To gamble is “to bet or wager on an uncertain outcome.” If you compare this definition to that of speculation, you will see that the central difference is the lack of “commensurate gain.” Economically speaking, a ga