组织经济学与管理学ch01 Introduction.pptVIP

Chapter 1 Introduction George Hendrikse Themes Coordination Motivation Is specialisation and exchange attractive? Yes, according to the law of comparative advantages. Figure 1.1: Production possibilities lines Autarky A: 70 points, 30 heads B: 20 points, 20 heads Total: 90 points, 50 heads Specialisation C: 100 points, 0 heads D: 0 points, 60 heads Total: 100 points, 60 heads Law of comparative advantages The total output (production) of a group (persons, companies, countries) is largest when each good or service is produced by the person with the lowest opportunity costs (the comparative advantage). Problems of specialisation coordination motivation Diamond-water paradox Why is water cheap while it is essential for humans, whereas diamonds are expensive but useless? Resolution of paradox Distinguish between value in use and value in exchange. Marginal analysis Demand and supply. Figure 1.2: Demand and supply What determines the extent of specialisation? number of tasks / specialisations (N); level of general knowledge (K). Figure 1.3: Optimal degree of specialisation. Special cases Autarky Invisible hand Autarky CN(N) 0 BN(K,N) = 0 Invisible hand CN(N) = 0 BN(K,N) 0 The importance of organisations compared to markets Waste versus deadweight loss. Figure 1.4: Organisation versus competition Figure 1.5: Institutional analyses Economics and Management of Organisations: Co-ordination, Motivation and Strategy Points A B C D 100 60 100 30 Heads q* Price Quantity Supply Demand p* N N* C(N) B(K,N) V q q q 1 2 p c W L