Lecture 11 The Restoration and the 18th century演示文稿.pptVIP

The 18th Century The Restoration of Charles II in 1660 The publication of Lyrical Ballads in 1798 Alexander Pope Samuel Johnson Age of prose The rise of the realistic novel( Defoe; Swift; Richardson; Fielding; Goldsmith; Sterne) Dramatist: Sheridan The rise of Pre-Romanticism at the last years of the 18th century.(Thomas Gray. Robert Burns. William Blake.) Chapter I. Political, social and cultural Background I. The 18th Century England Complacency; stable social order; The age of reason Watchword: common sense Desire for perfect form. The Neoclassic Age: form, order, reason 1. The Glorious Revolution 1688 1. Mary and William of Orange. Joint reign of England. 1688 2. The establishment of Constitutional Monarchy. 3. Monarchy became a compromise between the bourgeoisie and the aristocrats. 2. Religious conflicts 1. Religious conflict, not intense as before. Protestant---Roman Catholic- Anglican Church. The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism by Max Weber. 2. Predominantly Protestant nation. 3. Deism in the late 17th century; (Alexander Pope) 3. Expansion of the British Empire 1. Defeating Holland, England became a nation with a powerful navy. Besides, England fought many wars with France, Spain, etc. In those wars England rose as a victor making it the strongest country in navy and economy and considerably stretching its occupied land oversees extending from the west of Canada to the east of India. 2. Through Act of Union of 1707, England was transformed into Great Britain. 4. The Industrial Revolution 1. Newton’s discovery of the laws of gravitation and motion in 1678. 2. James Watt’s invention of steam engine in 1769. 3. other inventions of textile machines and machinery. 4. About the middle of the 18th century, all these led to the Industrial Revolution. 5.rapid growth of industry and commerce. 6. enclosure movement in the countryside. More landless peasants flew into the city, offering a large mass of labor power for the development of ca