时态与语态理论.docVIP

第一讲 时态和语态 句子种类与句子成分 导读 句子种类与句子成分是语法学习的基础，虽然通常各类语言测试没有专门辨析句子种类和句子成分的项目，但对于任何一种语言学习来说，句子种类与句子成分渗透在整个语法学习过程中。本章就句子种类和句子成分进行简明扼要的分类阐述，旨在为以后的语法学习打下坚实的基础。 一、知识点拨 问题一：句子可以分为哪些种类？ 1. 按照结构划分，句子种类可分为简单句、并列句和复杂句。 ⑴ 简单句（Simple Sentence）： 由一个主语（或并列主语）和一个谓语（或并列谓语）构成的句子。如： ① You cannot make a crab walk straight. ② Japanese people are experiencing and suffering from phantom quakes as well as other symptoms of “earthquake sickness.” ⑵ 并列句（Compound Sentence）： 由and，but，so，or，for等并列连词连接起来的两个或两个以上的简单句，构成并列句。如： ① Take care of your field, and your field will take care of you. ② China has been slow to adopt auto recall procedures similar to those in the West, but new regulations are in the works. ③ A fifth-grader in YuShu wants to become an architect and designer, so she can build fine houses in her hometown. ④ Some people pay too much attention to making money, for they believe money makes the mare go. ⑤ Don’t make yourself a mouse, or the cat will eat you. ⑶ 复合句（Complex Sentence）： 一个主句和一个（或多个）由从属连词引导的从句，构成复合句。根据从句在主句中所起的作用，从句可以分为状语从句、定语从句和名词性从句（包括主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句）。 ① What is done by night appears by day. (主语从句) ② Duty is what one expects from others. (表语从句) ③ A straw shows which way the wind blows. (宾语从句) ④ To be angry with a weak man is a proof that you are not very strong yourself. (同位语从句) ⑤ One must drink as one brews. (状语从句) ⑥ The landscape belongs to the man who looks at it. (定语从句) ⑷ 并列复合句（Compound Complex Sentence）： 并列句中又内含从句的句子。如： It started with an earthquake that led to a tsunami that caused one of the worst nuclear power disasters in history.2. 按照功能划分，句子种类可分为陈述句、疑问句、祈使句和感叹句。 ⑴ 陈述句（Declarative Sentence或Statement）： 用来陈述事实。如： ① All men are poets at heart. ② Might is right. ⑵ 疑问句（Interrogative Sentence或Question）： 用来提出问题。如： ① Is might right? Yes, it is. [一般疑问句（General Question或Yes-No Question② What is right? Might is right. [特殊疑问句（Special Question或Wh- Question③ Is might right or wrong? Might is right.（选择疑问句） ④. Might isn’t right, is it? Yes, it is. [反意疑问句或附加疑问句（