人类行为与全球环境.ppt

Human Behavior and the Social Environment, Macro Level: Groups, Communities, and Organizations Katherine van WormerFred H. BesthornThomas KeefeCopyright 2007, Oxford University Press. For classroom use only; all other reproduction or circulation is prohibited. Chapter 1Theoretical Perspectives Study of human behavior at the macro level—seeking the pattern in things Use of our social work imagination required for macro-level generalist practice From an empowerment perspective, HBSE to study ecosystems of life in their interconnectedness HBSE-Macro Level From an empowerment perspective, HBSE to study ecosystems of life in their interconnectedness metaphor of the holon environment-in-the-person as well as person-in-the-environment Theory Construction Theories offer explanations about human behavior and aspects of human behavior. Term theory can be used in a formal or informal sense. Theories can be classified in terms of scope: Small range, middle range, grand theory Theories can be classified in terms of ideology: order or consensus perspective conflict perspective Critical Thinking at the Macro Level Two key aspects of critical thinking: (Keefe) (1) empathy – the ability to put oneself in the place of another, at macro level relates to a culture or population; profound empathy relates to empathy with nature. (2) critical consciousness – understanding encompassing the social and economic context of human problems (from Freire, Brazilian philosopher and activist) Paradigm Shifts The Great Enlightenment – 18th Century ushered in a paradigm shift—a scientific revolution or new worldview (Kuhn, 1962, The Structure of Scientific Revolutions) To Schriver (2004), paradigm shift represents a revolutionary break with past ways of viewing reality. May be brought about through actions taken by a dissatisfied segment of the community or crisis such as war, economic depression, or even a great plague. Paradigm Shifts in History Pendulum swings betwe