对比语言学：语音和音系.pptxVIP

对比语言学 ;从语音学讲起的原因：;The essence of speech 发音的本质;所以，语音学分为三个分支：;Organs of speech;1） pharyngeal cavity 喉部主要发音器官：声门、声带 ;关于vocal cords的描述：区别voicing 和voiceless ;oral cavity-口腔中的发音器官 nasal cavity 鼻腔 ;英语中的辅音和元音 ;Manner of articulation;Place of articulation;英语中的辅音;英语中的元音（元音的本质决定了和辅音采用不同的描述标准）;从语言的两种形式:发音（spoken sounds) 和书写(orthographies)谈起;表意文字Chinese is the best-known example of a language wherein the written symbols are graphic representations of individual lexical and grammatical items as wholes. There are in consequence several thousand such individually different written symbols, or characters, as they are often called, often thought of as directly representing ideas and hence also called, ideograms. English belongs to alphabetical language in which consonant and vowel articulations are separately marked by individual letters. 字母文字 ;宽式音标和严式音标的区别;语音学和音位学的区别 ;音位（phoneme)的概念;音位（phoneme)的概念;Syllables and syllabic structures: 音节和音节结构 typically, a syllable consists of onset (consonant preceding rhyme) and rhyme which consists of nucleus or peak (vowel or syllabic consonant) and coda (consonant following peak).  σ (syllable)? onset rhyme? peak coda? c a p (CVC);The onset position may be empty (e.g. eat) or filled by a consonant (e.g. cap) or a consonant cluster of two or three consonants (e.g. play, street). The nuclear position may be filled by a vowel (e.g. cap) or a syllabic consonant (e.g. pencil, pardon). And the coda position may be empty (e.g. tea) or filled by a consonant (e.g. cap) or a consonant cluster of two, three or four consonants (e.g. caps, sixth, sixths). ;Tone-language Vs. non-tone language