托福语法讲（教师版）.docx

一、题型概述（一）填空：1-15个题，考句法句法包括简单句，并列句，主从复合句和一些常见错误用法等。（二）挑错：16-40个题，考词法好下面我们就一些特殊热点问题给大家做一个概述性介绍。二、基础语法规则（一）词法第一章名词正确区分可数名词与不可数名词、正确选择可数名词单复数、名词之前的限定词与名词数（单复数）之间的关系以及名词在句子中承担的成分是TOEFL中常考的内容1．重要的名詞（1）重要的可數名詞discovery, cloud, mineral, metal, material, substance, population, efforts, effect, animal, plant, mammal, insect, tree, herb, shrub, element, function, feature, picture, result, clue, star, reason, audience, device, structure, human, human being, system, fashion, resource, source, origin, pioneer, automobile, purpose, style, response, number, amount, variety, quantity, type, kind, influence, emotion, change（2）常见的不可数名词①流体：air, smoke, coffee, oil②自然现象：thunder, weather, darkness, [a heavy rain, raindrops]③微粒：sugar, salt, rice, powder, dust④抽象名词：intelligence（情报）, evidence, wisdom, advice⑤学科：mathematics, economics, statistics （统计学，作统计数据讲时可数）, physics, politics, mechanics, genetics遗传学, geology， geography, chemistry, philosophy, biology, history⑥医学疾病：measles（麻疹）, mumps（腮腺炎）, diabetes（糖尿病）⑦总称名词：furniture, luggage, clothing, equipment, poetry, jewelry, machinery, weaponry, scenery, information, knowledge, homework, evidence, foliage, advertising（广告业）, health例题:交易Historians (believe that) some (forms) of (an advertising) must be as old (as barter) and trade.答案: C an advertisingadvertising（3）常见不规则单复数，一般考复数man/men, woman/women, tooth/teeth, foot/feet, goose/geese, basis/bases, analysis/analyses, crisis/crises, hypothesis/hypotheses, axis/axes, alga/algae, larva/larvae, fungus/fungi, stimulus/stimuli, datum/data, bacterium/bacteria, medium/media, spectrum/spectra, mouse/mice, child/children, phenomenon/phenomena（4）常见的单复数同形的名词（注意鱼！好多鱼~）aircraft, spacecraft, series, species, means,（sheep, deer, bison, salmon, trout, carp, fish）·-craft后缀单复数相同（5）只能用复数的名词：clothes, fireworks, riches, wages, ashes, thanks, sweets, scissors, spectacles, trousers集合名词：people（人们，作民族时可数）, folk（人们）, cattle（牛）, police, livestock（牲畜）（6）单复数意义不同的名词air- airs（气派）good（好处，利益）- goods（货物）part- parts（才能，划线永远对）mean（均值/